• Linagliptin is a recently approved dipeptidyl peptidase DPP

  2024-01-25

  

  Linagliptin is a recently approved dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and widely considered as first-line treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. DPP-4 is responsible for the inactivation of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is released by the intestine aft

• Consideration of the rate of

  2024-01-25

  

  Consideration of the rate of product formation at different substrate concentrations and estimation of Michaelis-Menten parameters gives some insight into the possible mechanisms underlying the observed decreases in enzyme activity. Estimates based on two-substrate concentrations lack precision and

• Aberrant or a sustained activation of AhR signaling pathway

  2024-01-25

  

  Aberrant or a sustained activation of AhR signaling pathway, triggered by exogenous toxic ligands such as dioxins, PAHs or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is a well-described biological process engaged during tumor initiation and/or promotion in various tissues (e.g. liver, lung, skin)(reviewed in

• The present study showed for the first time

  2024-01-24

  

  The present study showed, for the first time, that hirsutine, hirsuteine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, and isocorynoxeine in yokukansan can inhibit the 5-HT3 receptor current. These data indicate that part of the effect of yokukansan against the behavioral and psychological symp

• br Cytochrome b br Cytochrome P hydroxylase lyase P

  2024-01-24

  

  Cytochrome b5 Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450 17A1) A number of P450s involved in steroid biosynthesis are multifunctional as they carry out two or more sequential hydroxylation reactions on the same substrate(s). P450 17A1 is a dual function endoplasmic reticulum enzyme enco

• tolbutamide receptor br Author contributions br Competing in

  2024-01-24

  

  Author contributions Competing interests Transparency document Acknowledgments This research was funded by a TOP ZonMW grant (40-00812-98-10054) to R.O.E., a DFG grant (KR4391/1-1) and IZKF Erlangen grant (J36) to A.K. and supported in part by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de

• Phosphoinositide kinase PI K Akt has been well demonstrated

  2024-01-24

  

  Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt has been well demonstrated in the protection of myocardial cell against IR injury via increasing cardiomyocyte survival, inhibiting excessive autophagy, et al. (Kong et al., 2016). The mk 801 australia of ERK1/2 also involves in the regulation of cardiac myocyte

• Earlier studies showed that exposure of cells

  2024-01-24

  

  Earlier studies showed that exposure of cells to IR caused ATM-dependent phosphorylation of 53BP1, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift [24], [25], [26]. To date, the only known in vivo 53BP1 phosphorylation site(s) are Ser25 and possibly Ser29 [27]. In the course of our studies, we noticed t

• br Introduction In the past two decades graphene

  2024-01-24

  

  Introduction In the past two decades, graphene and graphene based nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties have attracted great attentions in many fields including biomedicine and biotechnology. Graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives have shown promising potential as biological and c

• Knowledge about adipose tissue has evolved considerably over

  2024-01-24

  

  Knowledge about adipose tissue has evolved considerably over the last two decades. Always been described as an inert tissue having the function of stocking lipids, adipose tissue is now recognized as a real organ with both metabolic and endocrine functions secreting various factors into the blood to

• To better illustrate the involved neuronal postganglionic pa

  2024-01-24

  

  To better illustrate the involved neuronal postganglionic pathways, central apelin-13 injection was performed in rats received peripheral preadministration of NOS inhibitor L-NAME, sympatholytic agent guanethidine and/or muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol. Compared with the rats received vehicl

• Kidney contributes importantly to the long term blood

  2024-01-24

  

  Kidney contributes importantly to the long-term blood pressure control via regulating sodium homeostasis. Renal proximal tubule (RPT) is one of the most critical segments for sodium reabsorption within kidney and therefore involved in blood pressure adjustment. This process is regulated by numerous

• The association of male gender with increased atherosclerosi

  2024-01-24

  

  The association of male gender with increased atherosclerosis has stimulated interest in the role of androgen signalling in this condition. Androgens act (Fig. 2) by direct activation of androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor that acts as a ligand-regulated transcription factor (Gao et al., 2005

• Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling during de

  2024-01-24

  

  Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a well-characterized member among ADAM family, which mediates the cleavage of various cell surface proteins (Black, 2002, Black et al., 1997, Dello

• Microbe derived ligands can also activate AHR Malassezia a

  2024-01-24

  

  Microbe-derived ligands can also activate AHR. Malassezia, a commensal yeast in human skin, can metabolize tryptophan into several AHR activating compounds including FICZ and ICZ [59]. Lactobacillus converts tryptophan into indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), which can activate AHR and promote IL-22 productio

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